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CompTIA PT0-003 Exam Syllabus Topics:

Topic
Details

Topic 1

Engagement Management: In this topic, cybersecurity analysts learn about pre-engagement activities, collaboration, and communication in a penetration testing environment. The topic covers testing frameworks, methodologies, and penetration test reports. It also explains how to analyze findings and recommend remediation effectively within reports, crucial for real-world testing scenarios.

Topic 2

Post-exploitation and Lateral Movement: Cybersecurity analysts will gain skills in establishing and maintaining persistence within a system. This topic also covers lateral movement within an environment and introduces concepts of staging and exfiltration. Lastly, it highlights cleanup and restoration activities, ensuring analysts understand the post-exploitation phase’s responsibilities.

Topic 3

Reconnaissance and Enumeration: This topic focuses on applying information gathering and enumeration techniques. Cybersecurity analysts will learn how to modify scripts for reconnaissance and enumeration purposes. They will also understand which tools to use for these stages, essential for gathering crucial information before performing deeper penetration tests.

Topic 4

Vulnerability Discovery and Analysis: In this section, cybersecurity analysts will learn various techniques to discover vulnerabilities. Analysts will also analyze data from reconnaissance, scanning, and enumeration phases to identify threats. Additionally, it covers physical security concepts, enabling analysts to understand security gaps beyond just the digital landscape.

Topic 5

Attacks and Exploits: This extensive topic trains cybersecurity analysts to analyze data and prioritize attacks. Analysts will learn how to conduct network, authentication, host-based, web application, cloud, wireless, and social engineering attacks using appropriate tools. Understanding specialized systems and automating attacks with scripting will also be emphasized.

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CompTIA PenTest+ Exam Sample Questions (Q70-Q75):

NEW QUESTION # 70
Which of the following components should a penetration tester include in an assessment report?

A. Attack narrative
B. Customer remediation plan
C. Key management
D. User activities

Answer: A

Explanation:
An attack narrative provides a detailed account of the steps taken during the penetration test, including the methods used, vulnerabilities exploited, and the outcomes of each attack. This helps stakeholders understand the context and implications of the findings.
Step-by-Step Explanation
Components of an Assessment Report:
User Activities: Generally not included as they focus on end-user behavior rather than technical findings.
Customer Remediation Plan: While important, it is typically provided by the customer or a third party based on the report's findings.
Key Management: More relevant to internal security practices than a penetration test report.
Attack Narrative: Essential for detailing the process and techniques used during the penetration test.
Importance of Attack Narrative:
Contextual Understanding: Provides a step-by-step account of the penetration test, helping stakeholders understand the flow and logic behind each action.
Evidence and Justification: Supports findings with detailed explanations and evidence, ensuring transparency and reliability.
Learning and Improvement: Helps the organization learn from the test and improve security measures.
Reference from Pentesting Literature:
Penetration testing guides emphasize the importance of a detailed attack narrative to convey the results and impact of the test effectively.
HTB write-ups often include comprehensive attack narratives to explain the penetration testing process and findings.
Reference:
Penetration Testing - A Hands-on Introduction to Hacking
HTB Official Writeups

NEW QUESTION # 71
A tester is performing an external phishing assessment on the top executives at a company. Two-factor authentication is enabled on the executives' accounts that are in the scope of work. Which of the following should the tester do to get access to these accounts?

A. Configure an external domain using a typosquatting technique. Configure SET to bypass two-factor authentication using a phishlet that mimics the mail portal for the company.
B. Configure Gophish to use an external domain. Clone the email portal web page from the company and get the two-factor authentication code using a vishing method.
C. Configure an external domain using a typosquatting technique. Configure Evilginx to bypass two-factor authentication using a phishlet that simulates the mail portal for the company.
D. Configure Gophish to use an external domain. Clone the email portal web page from the company and get the two-factor authentication code using a brute-force attack method.

Answer: C

Explanation:
To bypass two-factor authentication (2FA) and gain access to the executives' accounts, the tester should use Evilginx with a typosquatting domain. Evilginx is a man-in-the-middle attack framework used to bypass 2FA by capturing session tokens.
Phishing with Evilginx:
Evilginx is designed to proxy legitimate login pages, capturing credentials and 2FA tokens in the process.
It uses "phishlets" which are configurations that simulate real login portals.
Typosquatting:
Typosquatting involves registering domains that are misspelled versions of legitimate domains (e.g., example.co instead of example.com).
This technique tricks users into visiting the malicious domain, thinking it's legitimate.
Steps:
Configure an External Domain: Register a typosquatting domain similar to the company's domain.
Set Up Evilginx: Install and configure Evilginx on a server. Use a phishlet that mimics the company's mail portal.
Send Phishing Emails: Craft phishing emails targeting the executives, directing them to the typosquatting domain.
Capture Credentials and 2FA Tokens: When executives log in, Evilginx captures their credentials and session tokens, effectively bypassing 2FA.
Pentest Reference:
Phishing: Social engineering technique to deceive users into providing sensitive information.
Two-Factor Authentication Bypass: Advanced phishing attacks like those using Evilginx can capture and reuse session tokens, bypassing 2FA mechanisms.
OSINT and Reconnaissance: Identifying key targets (executives) and crafting convincing phishing emails based on gathered information.
Using Evilginx with a typosquatting domain allows the tester to bypass 2FA and gain access to high-value accounts, demonstrating the effectiveness of advanced phishing techniques.

NEW QUESTION # 72
SIMULATION
A previous penetration test report identified a host with vulnerabilities that was successfully exploited. Management has requested that an internal member of the security team reassess the host to determine if the vulnerability still exists.

Part 1:
. Analyze the output and select the command to exploit the vulnerable service.
Part 2:
. Analyze the output from each command.
* Select the appropriate set of commands to escalate privileges.
* Identify which remediation steps should be taken.

Answer:

Explanation:
The command that would most likely exploit the services is:
hydra -l lowpriv -P 500-worst-passwords.txt -t 4 ssh://192.168.10.2:22
The appropriate set of commands to escalate privileges is:
echo "root2:5ZOYXRFHVZ7OY::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash" >> /etc/passwd
The remediations that should be taken after the successful privilege escalation are:
Remove the SUID bit from cp.
Make backup script not world-writable.
Comprehensive Step-by-Step Explanation of the Simulation
Part 1: Exploiting Vulnerable Service
Nmap Scan Analysis
Command: nmap -sC -T4 192.168.10.2
Purpose: This command runs a default script scan with timing template 4 (aggressive).
Output:
bash
Copy code
Port State Service
22/tcp open ssh
23/tcp closed telnet
80/tcp open http
111/tcp closed rpcbind
445/tcp open samba
3389/tcp closed rdp
Ports open are SSH (22), HTTP (80), and Samba (445).
Enumerating Samba Shares
Command: enum4linux -S 192.168.10.2
Purpose: To enumerate Samba shares and users.
Output:
makefile
Copy code
user:[games] rid:[0x3f2]
user:[nobody] rid:[0x1f5]
user:[bind] rid:[0x4ba]
user:[proxy] rid:[0x42]
user:[syslog] rid:[0x4ba]
user:[www-data] rid:[0x42a]
user:[root] rid:[0x3e8]
user:[news] rid:[0x3fa]
user:[lowpriv] rid:[0x3fa]
We identify a user lowpriv.
Selecting Exploit Command
Hydra Command: hydra -l lowpriv -P 500-worst-passwords.txt -t 4 ssh://192.168.10.2:22 Purpose: To perform a brute force attack on SSH using the lowpriv user and a list of the 500 worst passwords.
-l lowpriv: Specifies the username.
-P 500-worst-passwords.txt: Specifies the password list.
-t 4: Uses 4 tasks/threads for the attack.
ssh://192.168.10.2:22: Specifies the SSH service and port.
Executing the Hydra Command
Result: Successful login as lowpriv user if a match is found.
Part 2: Privilege Escalation and Remediation
Finding SUID Binaries and Configuration Files
Command: find / -perm -2 -type f 2>/dev/null | xargs ls -l
Purpose: To find world-writable files.
Command: find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null | xargs ls -l
Purpose: To find files with SUID permission.
Command: grep "/bin/bash" /etc/passwd | cut -d':' -f1-4,6,7
Purpose: To identify users with bash shell access.
Selecting Privilege Escalation Command
Command: echo "root2:5ZOYXRFHVZ7OY::0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash" >> /etc/passwd Purpose: To create a new root user entry in the passwd file.
root2: Username.
5ZOYXRFHVZ7OY: Password hash.
::0:0: User and group ID (root).
/root: Home directory.
/bin/bash: Default shell.
Executing the Privilege Escalation Command
Result: Creation of a new root user root2 with a specified password.
Remediation Steps Post-Exploitation
Remove SUID Bit from cp:
Command: chmod u-s /bin/cp
Purpose: Removing the SUID bit from cp to prevent misuse.
Make Backup Script Not World-Writable:
Command: chmod o-w /path/to/backup/script
Purpose: Ensuring backup script is not writable by all users to prevent unauthorized modifications.
Execution and Verification
Verifying Hydra Attack:
Run the Hydra command and monitor for successful login attempts.
Verifying Privilege Escalation:
After appending the new root user to the passwd file, attempt to switch user to root2 and check root privileges.
Implementing Remediation:
Apply the remediation commands to secure the system and verify the changes have been implemented.
By following these detailed steps, one can replicate the simulation and ensure a thorough understanding of both the exploitation and the necessary remediations.

NEW QUESTION # 73
During a penetration test, a tester captures information about an SPN account. Which of the following attacks requires this information as a prerequisite to proceed?

A. Kerberoasting
B. DCShadow
C. Golden Ticket
D. LSASS dumping

Answer: A

Explanation:
Kerberoasting is an attack that specifically targets Service Principal Name (SPN) accounts in a Windows Active Directory environment. Here's a detailed explanation:
Understanding SPN Accounts:
SPNs are unique identifiers for services in a network that allows Kerberos to authenticate service accounts. These accounts are often associated with services such as SQL Server, IIS, etc.
Kerberoasting Attack:
Prerequisite: Knowledge of the SPN account.
Process: An attacker requests a service ticket for the SPN account using the Kerberos protocol. The ticket is encrypted with the service account's NTLM hash. The attacker captures this ticket and attempts to crack the hash offline.
Objective: To obtain the plaintext password of the service account, which can then be used for lateral movement or privilege escalation.
Comparison with Other Attacks:
Golden Ticket: Involves forging Kerberos TGTs using the KRBTGT account hash, requiring domain admin credentials.
DCShadow: Involves manipulating Active Directory data by impersonating a domain controller, typically requiring high privileges.
LSASS Dumping: Involves extracting credentials from the LSASS process on a Windows machine, often requiring local admin privileges.
Kerberoasting specifically requires the SPN account information to proceed, making it the correct answer.

NEW QUESTION # 74
A penetration tester opened a reverse shell on a Linux web server and successfully escalated privileges to root. During the engagement, the tester noticed that another user logged in frequently as root to perform work tasks. To avoid disrupting this user's work, which of the following is the BEST option for the penetration tester to maintain root-level persistence on this server during the test?

A. Add a web shell to the root of the website.
B. Change the password of the root user and revert after the test.
C. Add a new user with ID 0 to the /etc/passwd file.
D. Upgrade the reverse shell to a true TTY terminal.

Answer: C

Explanation:
The best option for the penetration tester to maintain root-level persistence on this server during the test is to add a new user with ID 0 to the /etc/passwd file. This will allow the penetration tester to use the same user account as the other user, but with root privileges, meaning that it won't disrupt the other user's work. This can be done by adding a new line with the username and the numerical user ID 0 to the /etc/passwd file. For example, if the username for the other user is "johndoe", the line to add would be "johndoe:x:0:0:John Doe:/root:/bin/bash". After the user is added, the penetration tester can use the "su" command to switch to the new user and gain root privileges.

NEW QUESTION # 75
......

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